Difficult Patients and History Patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Difficult Patients and History Patients - Essay Example This lesson will teach students some strategies for dealing with patients who are unwilling or unable to cooperate when giving a family history. Furthermore, this lesson can include a swath of transferable skills that will be useful in other areas, thus providing a much greater benefit than its narrow focus would seem to suggest. However, the most important reason for this might be that this kind of lesson can force a nurse to be critical of the role that informal theory plays in their practice towards patients, to gain confidence as creators of informal theory, and to understand the interaction between formal and informal theory. Section 2: Learner outcomes for the lesson & Learning Objectives This experience will have several general learning outcomes a) allow nurses to be more proficient in such skills when they first experience them in a clinical setting b) give nurses an approximation of the kinds of experiences they could have c) provide transferable skills for patient interact ion for a variety of other situations that are not directly covered in and d) understand their role in forming informal theory, and the relationship between formal theory and informal theory. ... leave with a greater understanding for the real-world situation of patient interaction, a greater degree of comfort in dealing with issues that may arise, and a closer relationship with their classmates, hopefully furthering future learning outcomes. Learner Characteristics Nurses who have already achieved some knowledge of patient history. The goal of this lesson is not for nurses to take a history: they should already know this skill so that they will not have to focus on it throughout the lesson. Rather, they should have enough experience that taking a history will be second nature, and so they can focus on techniques of patient interaction that they employ. Learning Theory While nursing often uses the see one, do one, teach one model, this will differ significantly and focus rather on the development of difficult to define skills and subjective experiences though one-on-one interaction with fellow students. Based on self-authorship theory, this will attempt to both allow nurses t o develop their own skills and techniques that will work for them, hear widely used techniques (as provided by instructors) and techniques developed and used by peers, with the goal of critiquing each technique given. This will allow a great deal of exposure to different ideas without dictating what the right thing to do in a situation. This will hopefully allow nurses to acknowledge their role in developing theories of practice every time they interact with a patient, and note that they have and can develop authority as knowledge creators based on their personal experiences in patient interactions. Instructional methods used for delivery This lesson will rely heavily on role-playing, allowing the students to develop experience, try out different techniques, and form their own conclusion

Green acres seed company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Green acres seed company - Assignment Example This is called the awareness stage which highly target audience to be reached rather than the aim of marketing in the websites which the visitors do not have interest in. Through marketing of Green acres seed Company using the modern technology of marketing, the company retargets those who visit the website thus keeping the products top of the mind. The company uses test messaging to convince the farmers about the seed company explaining the different varieties of seeds available with their prices. The market structures of Green acres seed Company is the seller concentration, the degree of buyer concentration, the brands differentiation and the condition of entry to the market. The company has adopted a high seller concentration which means that the seller supply is about 90% to make it available to those who want the seeds. Due to competitors, the company has adopted a pricing strategy to make sure that the products remain in the market despite competition in the market. For example green acres company has survival means in the market when there is price war, market decline or market saturation. Green acres seed Company has temporarily set a price which covers the cost when the prices of the seeds tend to be low so that the company can continue with the operation. The company provides products with low cost due to the market differentiation from the competitors, but the most important thing is good and high quality seeds that have a high germination percentage. high quality products makes the customer to consider green acres company products though people consider the most expensive products as high quality products (Kent 2003). Green Acres Company usually maximizes the quantity of the product this is because the company focuses on reducing long term costs. The approach is used because the company is well funded by the founders and the investors. Green Acres Company may also maximize quantity so as to maximize market

Future of newspaper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future of newspaper - Essay Example Information technology changed the era of mass communication to an era of mass communicators where more people could set up media outlets (Steinberg 1). This affected newspapers adversely. Mary Vipond identifies that newspapers had a near monopoly on advertising revenues in the Canada in the 1950s (60). However, in 1960, newspapers lost their share of adverts to television and this fell to 30.9% at the end of the decade. It declined further to 27% between 1990 and 1995 and has continued to fall since then (Vipond 60). In the United States though, the American Newspapers Publishers Association announced a steady increase in advertising revenues of $5,704 million in 1970 to $25,170 million in 1985 (Fink 6). After 1990 though, the revenues began to decline since there was the introduction of new media outlets like the Internet and computers. Since the running of a newspaper company is strongly based on revenues from advertising, most newspapers declined. Technologically, the proliferation of computers and consumer electronic products made a major difference. This is because news is a commodity that is based on timeliness. As such, stronger and faster methods of presenting news always cause slower methods to disappear. The coming of the Internet and mobile phones have caused a lot of traditional newspapers to open online outlets. More significantly, new broadcasters have set up their own media outlets to disseminate information. This has led to so much competition. Newspapers have responded to these changes by setting up Internet outlets through which they present their news and try to advertise. As such, most newspapers now run both a digital and the traditional paper prints. As more and more people continue to use the Internet, it is predicted that traditional newspapers are going to focus more on the Internet. This is because there is a continuous increase in the number of people who spend their time on the Internet. As such, more

International Joint Venture System Research Proposal

International Joint Venture System - Research Proposal Example Influence to more international maybe as sure of many opportunities opened up by vast markets, which result from unique political, economic& cultural environment in China. Any foreign company could need to rethink its approach in managing employees and the organization as a whole. Against this background, formation of joint ventures in China calls for adaptability, and management of change. These will and bring about improved performance by thawing any foreseeable resistance, withholding crucial information and claiming responsibility for the managerial decision and action taken by personnel. The United States of America is a capitalist economy whose strategic orientations calls for "let the best man win and put you money when your mouth is" perspective. This indeed may not be an appealing view for a Chinese socialist oriented economic attitude. Therefore setting up business of a joint venture system in china calls for a great understanding of the intricacies involved. Other experts call this environmental scanning while the researcher now feels it is appropriate to term it as regional or global scanning. A Sino American comparative analysis type of study will form the basis for the ensuing research on variables that will include adaptability to environmental factors, human resource management adjustments in the nature of personnel training, development , strategic thinking , horizons etc 2. Research objectives and Questions. The primary objectives for this study shall be To focus on the influences of both internal and external forces on joint ventures established in China. To identify the ways in which adaptation is done for succeeding in such ventures. To evaluate the essence of training and development in success in joint venture business. To determine the competitive advantages China offers to such joint ventures. Some specific research questions for this study include; Why is Chinese culture and orientation important Why is training and development critical for success among joint ventures How does competitive advantage and adaptation assume significance Which internal and external influences affect joint venture systems in global market What complexities exist in Chinese based joint venture What are the likely ways in which to alleviate such complexities. 3. Reviewing previous literature There are different sources of data, i.e. primary and secondary. However, it may not be appropriate to assume that the other experts have not positively contributed into the pool knowledge of in this area. To refer and borrow from scholars on Chinese management issues, publications by journals and texts regarding such operations by joint ventures form a critical basis for argumenting ideas available to support any ideas made. There has been a notion regarding paucity of studies on management in China. Academicians have focused on human resource practices in general, which seem shallow (Verna & Yan 1995, Tsung, 1994, Ding, Fields and Akhtar, 1997). Change, management & adaptation :On managing change and ensuring adaptability the (economist, 1991) when China was in a modernization phrase, China attracted industrial foreign

Ethics and Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and Economics - Assignment Example Though there were several reasons for the occurrence of the incident the root cause would be the escalating greed among the people who are in power. The top executives of the investments banks and other financial institutions had repeatedly promised that the companies were stable financially (Fox, 2009). The main problems that the United States faced was the decline in the standard of the financial health, liquidity crunch and also the increasing amount of leverage in forms of home loan mortgage, the collateralized form of debt obligations, the freeze in the credit markets as well as the credit default swaps. On the 15th September 2009, Lehman Brothers reported their situation of bankruptcy to the US regulatory and compliance officials. The consequences of this were the immediate collapse of the investor confidence in the stock markets and the collapse of the securities market. This had its effect on the investors of the entire world and thus the financial condition of the entire wor ld worsened. Background of the Event The collapse of the Lehman Brothers started with the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in the legislature in Washington D.C. The legislation arrested the unhealthy rivalry among the investment banker and the commercial banks of the United States. The act also enabled each of the sectors of the industry to focus on their activities (Sloan and Boyd, 2008). When the Act was implemented in the US economy, the Lehman Brothers became leading player in the field of housing market. The US housing market bubble followed this incident between the years 2006 and 2008 and the company earned a lot of profit from the housing mortgage business. The stock prices of the company also showed an upward trend and had a record market capitalization figure. However, the burst of the housing market bubble was waiting. March 2007 witnessed a sudden decline in the stock markets and the defaults on the mortgage lending rose exceptionally high. A large number of hedge funds experienced loss due to the event. The company took various steps relating to investments in mortgage backed assets which were not conducive to the company as well as the investors. It did not bring into public notice the wrong steps that it took and the bleak circumstances it was heading towards. The calculatingly company made manipulation in its financial statements made false claims to the public. The accounting software that the company had been using could misrepresent the actual data and manipulate the procedure of accounting and it took place in legal terms and so it did not face any compliance problem. This continued till September 2008 when the company announced its financial distress because internally the fundamentals of the company had been destroyed completely. These series of incidents led to the Financial Crisis that the entire world witnessed. Ethical Issues behind the Collapse of the Lehman Brothers The collapse of the Lehman Brothers occurred due to a plethora of e thical issues on part of the top executives of the company. From the video it is clear that there were unethical moves on part of the executives who had led to the incident (Romereports, 2009). Michel Camdessus, the former MD of the IMF, claims that extreme greed of the top executives of the company for money has led to such an unfortunate incident. It was the result of the wrong steps that a number of people took. However, there are mainly three aspects to it. First of all, the CEO of Lehman Brothers, Richard Fuld, had repeatedly lied about the activities of the company. He believed in the business model in which aggressive leverage of the securities had to be undertaken which exposed the business to a lot of risks. The CEO should have adopted an alternative

Hello Kitty Singapore Essay Example for Free

Hello Kitty Singapore Essay A person has many needs at any given time. Abraham Maslow sought to explain why people are driven by particular needs at particular times. According to him, human needs are arranged in a hierarchy (refer to Figure 1), from the most pressing to the least pressing. In order of importance, they are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. The most basic level of needs must be satisfied first before desiring higher level needs. Therefore, having a Mctoy fulfils the forth level needs, called as ‘Esteem Needs’. Self-esteem is the desire for status, self-respect and prestige. Owning the series of Hello Kitty dolls has gained a sense of fulfilment to the individual because it is not that easy to get the limited edition toys at any time. Besides that, the ‘Kiasu’ attitude which is very popular among Singaporeans to have something which everyone else is having, regardless of whether it is of any use. The fear of losing out drives the feeling to fulfil their esteem needs, where they are happy knowing they too have one like others. In order to fulfil the esteem need, people are often engaged in either profession or hobby to gain recognition. For those who loves collecting dolls, use this hobby as a platform to gain recognition from others so that they will be praised. Thus, they feel that by owning the series of hello kitty dolls can make them gained recognition. How has McDonald’s created value to its consumers by offering Hello Kittty dolls in their Extra Value Meals? Marke ting experts, Don Peppers and Martha Rogers say that ‘The only value a company will ever create is the value that comes from customers.’ Customer value is the relationship between the consumers perception of benefits they believe they will derive from a purchased compared to the price that will be paid. The total benefit package includes functional attributes of the product and related service attributes. Creating value not only transforms sales effectiveness, it also provides insulation from price pressure. There are many sales strategies, tactics and techniques for creating value for customers. McDonald’s has identified the benefits that consumers would gain from the promotion by creating a series of value to its customer through the promotion. The total value created to its consumers by McDonald’s comprises of four sources namely product, services, personnel and image. Firstly, the product (Hello kitty Dolls) were given as a premium to its loyal consumers at its cost price when consumer purchases the Extra Value Meal, rather than charging any extra amount for it. McDonalds has created value to its consumers by offering this product premium. In terms of service, McDonald’s has created value to its consumers an alternative way of getting the exclusive dolls, where these dolls can only be purchased through McDonald’s outlets during the limited period of time. This series of limited-edition toys will not be available as and when consumers want them. Thirdly, the satisfaction gained by consumers by owning these dolls. As the dolls were limited edition and were sold at cheaper price, McDonald’s has created the satisfaction feeling among its consumers when they own them. And finally image value is created to McDonald’s consumers where the consumers have the option to choose designs of their preferences during the one-month promotion. The image of ‘Kitty’ representing different cultures wedding costumes creates value to those owning them. Thus, McDonald’s has added up values from all the four sources mentioned above to successfully create values to its consumers through its ‘Hello Kitty’ Promotion. Recommendations and Conclusion Here are several alternatives that McDonald’s should have considered before carrying out the promotion to avoid such havoc from happening: 1) Study the consumer behaviour of Singaporeans 2) Periods of the promotion 3) Increase the number of toys offered for promotion In conclusion, the havoc caused from the ‘Hello Kitty’ Promotion in Singapore has not tarnished McDonald’s image in any aspect. This was proven when McDonald’s introduced another six sets of designs featured royal costumes around the world a year after, and the sales seem not to be declining. There was no repeat of the previous year’s frenzy as McDonald’s was prepared. Several precautions were taken such as limiting the number of dolls each customer can buy to four, and had more dolls in stock for panic buying. Besides that, to monitor and control the crowds, McDonald’s has hired security personnel and mobile squad officers to visit McDonald’s outlets.

A Case Study Of The Romano Family Social Work Essay

A Case Study Of The Romano Family Social Work Essay Drug abuse as well as alcohol and tobacco use is the leading cause of all preventable deaths and illnesses in the United States. The awareness by the public about the medical consequences of abusing substances has over the last 15 years been awakening as a result of the ever-increasing rate of AIDS prevalence among substance abusers. However, AIDS only represents a tip of the iceberg to the problems presented by substance abuse. Tobacco, alcohol and other drugs contribute to half a million deaths yearly. This represents a ratio of one in every four deaths. The morbidity as a result of legal and illegal drug abuse is also of equal devastation. Substance abuse has tremendous cost in terms of the loss of productivity and its demand on the heath care resources. This is as a result of viral and bacterial infections from illicit drugs injections, cardiopulmonary diseases and cancer as a result of smoking and vehicular crash and cirrhosis from alcohol among other complications. This excerpt will offer a review of information regarding the risk as well as the protective factors that aid in the development of substance abuse as well as the effectiveness of interventions meant to prevent substance use in this population. It will mainly focus on the Romano Family case study and produce relative literature that would aid in the familys treatment and prevention of further substance abuse. The Romano family case study The Romano children exhibit most of the symptoms present in substance abusing adolescents. This include: sudden change in personality in areas such as discipline, school attendance and grades; the children have also been reported to have outbreaks of tempers and flare ups, two of the children actually insulted their respective teachers; a withdrawal from necessary responsibilities; a change in the overall attitude of the adolescent; loss of interest in some of the childs favorite pursuits; a change of friends as well as being reluctant to be visited by friends; sudden aggression, nervousness and jitteriness; difficulties in being attentive; increased secretiveness; deterioration of grooming. The symptoms exhibits often differ from one individual to another as well as across different substances abused (Fisher Harrison 2011). However, the most glaring symptom in any case of substance abuse is a radical change in ones behavior. Other physical symptoms amongst substance abusers include impaired motor skills, memory impairment, slurred speech and attention impairment. Substance abuse is often classified into three classes. Substance use comprises the occasion use of drugs and alcohol without advancing to tolerance or experiencing withdrawal symptoms when one is not on drugs. Substance abuse comprises the continual use of drugs while having the knowledge that it us creating, physical, social and psychological problems (Maguin, Zucker, Fitzgerald, 1994). Once a person develops dependence, then they experience substance use over a loner period than they had anticipated or intended, they struggle with controlling the use of the substance without any success, a lot of time is spent sourcing the drug, using it and recovering from it, there are frequent episodes of detoxification and intoxication, continuous substance use even when there is knowledge of the physical, social and psychological problems of the usage, withdrawal symptoms, increased tolerance, using the substance to relieve the effect of withdrawal symptoms. For dependence to be diagnosed, t hen, at least three of these factors must be present. In the case of the Romano children, they are not. They as such mostly fall in the stage of use and some in the substance abuse stage considering the behavior changes and social damage in their respective classes, insulting teachers and fighting other students (Fisher Harrison 2011). Diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse in Romano Family The younger a child starts engaging in drug usage, the higher the risk is that he/she will develop substance abuse disorder later on into adulthood as well as suffer from serious associated health consequences. Six of the Romano children have displayed symptoms of substance abuse. To make matters worse the youngest of them is 6 years. As such, their situation needs immediate remedy. This is because of the consequences of using drugs especially at such a young age. Accidental and intentional fatalities that are associated with the usage of alcohol and drugs in the adolescent population are the leading cause of preventable deaths in the 15-24 year population bracket. Alcohol consumption in this population presents the highest risk of academic underachievement, depression, delinquency and teenage pregnancies. Drug use has also been presented as one of the contributing factors to the rise in HIV infections witnessed between 1985 and 1990. Research shows that this period also presented th e crack cocaine epidemic. The lifestyle of drug and alcohol abusing places the victim in a more precarious position of getting infected due to the reduction in inhibitions, impaired judgment and the sex-for-drugs phenomena (NIDA Notes, 2002). Predictive risk factors The risk-protective theory is the most relevant model in attempting to develop an evidence- based model to provide diagnosis and treatment options for the Romano family substance abuse problem. According to these theories, addiction to drugs develops as a result of a complex interplay between the victims, the agent (alcohol/drugs) and the individuals environment. Interactions between cognitive, social, cultural, personality attitudinal and developmental factor is usually the determinant of substance abuse in children. As an individual, one might be pre-disposed to alcohol and drug use as a matter of their genetic makeup. The family is usually a culprit in initiating the first influence to drink alcohol, smoke or use other drugs. Other factors that are related to adolescent drug use include poor school performance, low religiosity poor self image, family dysfunction, parental rejection over- or under-controlling parents and divorce. In the case study, the parents are mostly absent fro m their childrens lives because of their busy work programs. This can be considered a factor as the children may be feeling neglected. The parents absence has also helped the substance abuse habit to continue uninhibited so far (Belcher, Shinitzky, 1998). Peer influence is also a leading factor of initiating adolescent into drug abuse. Children predisposition to abuse drugs often pushes them to seek out others who have similar inclination. The Romano family children seem to adopt this model in their abuse which affects all six of them, a large number in one family by any ones standards. They have shunned peer groups in their school and only associate with one another. In this case the influencing peers are the siblings. If there substance abuse is peer based then it is likely for them to be easier to abstain from the habit as opposed to if a psychological dysfunction is present (Belcher, Shinitzky, 1998). In the community, African American and their Hispanic counterpart are likely to obtain drugs in a relatively easier and cheaper way than their white peers. This exposure is however misleading as the white adolescents have a higher reported rate of substance abuse that their African American counterparts. However, the adolescents in populations in lower privileged neighborhood were most likely to be exposed to cocaine up to five times more than those in privileged areas (Belcher, Shinitzky, 1998). The likelihood that a child will develop externalizing disorders can be traced back to preschool years. Oppositional defiant disorders, conduct disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders observed in children during their preschool years are likely to develop as a child grows older. This conditions even if mild in the early years may advance into severe symptoms such as aggression, stealing and substance abuse. Another factor is difficult temperament in children that is characterized by negativity, moodiness, provocations and poor compliance may lead to the child being ostracized or criticized by authority figures. If this occurs in the family, it presents the model of coercive parenting that is present in families where the children adopt delinquency and substance abuse (Belcher, Shinitzky, 1998). Protective factors Protective factor comprise those characteristics present in the individual, his/her family as well as in the environment which are able to prevent individuals from adverse outcomes. The Romano family is most likely lacking in offering a nurturing home where the children and the parents are in open communication and the children have parental support that is positive. Personality traits such as self-control, self-concept, self-esteem, academic achievement and social competence also aid in raising the resiliency of the adolescent to avoid substance abuse. The challenge Model is utilizes the resiliency principles on the capacity of the individual to respond as well as to manage his/her life. It states that an individual has the capacity of achieving past the negative factors that might be in their life. As such, a chaotic family does not necessarily condemn an individual to be damaged forever. The challenge model comprises of seven principles in the facilitation of healthy and adaptive development of individuals: independence, insight relationships, humor, initiative, creativity and morality. Developing effective prevention strategies relies on considering both risk factors and protective factors (Belcher, Shinitzky, 1998). If the Romano children were also able to establish friends with positive oriented peers at school who understand the problems presented by substance abuse, then these friends are bound to improve their resilience against the habit. The parents also have a role to play, by establishing a sufficient parenting model despite their busy schedule. The parents are also described as normal by the teachers and as such are in a position to represent as protective factors to their children. On their part, the teachers and the school is committed to the welfare of the students as witnessed by their concern and follow up of the Romano case. The school also has clear rules and expectations regarding the use of drugs by students. The family should also aim at exposing their children to a supportive and safe family. This community should have a negative attitude towards the use of drugs. There are also many positive services and activities that are available to the youth which the family should enro ll the children in to occupy their free time when the parents are away. Educational and treatment approaches are also presented by such communities to assist the adolescents suffering from substance abuse (NIDA Notes, 2002). Children and adolescents present a big challenge in the diagnostic of substance abuse disorder. It is usually likely for the diagnostic evaluation to focus on a particular coexisting disorder or pre-morbid condition for example depression and/or conduct disorder. This can result to the substance abuse being missed or overlooked. This is a common challenge in adolescents as they will often fear being punished for their actions and will in most cases deny ever attempting drugs. They may also feel threatened if the person interviewing them is not sufficiently sensitized with regard to the problem aspect of substance abuse. The need for adolescents to experiment as well as push the limits also presents a point of confusion. The evaluation of substance abuse will therefore require the careful collection of information that can be quantified regarding the pre-existing conditions associated with the abuse. A rational treatment plan cannot be implemented without the performance of an accurat e diagnosis which includes an evaluation of the pre-existing problems and the degree and type of dependence/abuse (NIDA Notes, 2002). Effects of alcohol Alcohol remains the number one substance used by both the youth and adults across the world. The effects are present of this substance can be seen in the youth, within the family, the justice system and the public health sector. Alcohol consumption patterns revealed in studies on such aspects as drinking and driving and binge drinking provides predictive information that is crucial in the fight against substance abuse. Figures from 2005 indicate that the rate of alcohol use in populations aged 12 years and older stands at 9.7 percent. In a state like Arizona, one out of every four individuals indicated that had engaged in binge drinking in the month that preceded the survey. Although alcohol use by adults is of concern, its effect on underage drinkers is alarming. Alcohol is said to kill almost seven more times more underage drinker than a combination of all the other illicit drugs. In addition to this, childrens drinking is a high risk factor for perpetrating violence, falling victi m of violent situation and also being involved in violent accidents such as car crashes. Alcohol also has deleterious effect on the mental, physical and emotional development in the students. In particular it contributes to academic underachievement of students and their eventual failure as productive individuals in the society (Fisher Harrison, 2011). Underage drinking increases the risk of children to develop academic problems, make poor decisions, engage in criminal behavior, engage in risky sexual activities, perpetrate sexual and physical assaults (such as fighting in the case of the Romano children), be victims of both sexual and physical assaults, increase their likelihood of dying young as well as posse a risk to damage their brains irreparably. In addition to the negative effect of underage on the development of the youth, on road safety and on the judicial system, it also possess financial burden on the society that is extraordinary. Handling the various areas of alcohol abuse by the youth such as community treatment programs requires allot of money and resources and is as such a burden to the community (Fisher Harrison, 2011). Research indicate that in situations where a child starts drinking before they are 15 years old, then the risk of them developing alcohol-related problems in their adulthood increases fivefold. Alcohol also posses a risk of harming the brain of an adolescent: stunting brain development. The information generated by these researches provides parents as well as other adults with more reasons why they should act to protect and ensure the health and safety of the children not only in America but worldwide (Fisher Harrison, 2011). Impact of substance abuse among diverse populations By 2003, the United States reported a 9.1 percent of the population said to be suffering from substance use disorder, this is roughly 21.6 million people. 154 million of these were alcohol dependent with drug dependence affecting 44 million. A combination of alcohol and drug dependence was found in 3 million of them. The adolescents and children in the country are feeling the effects most as almost 25 percent of them live in household where the adults or parents are binge or heavy drinkers. A child in every ten children in the country is also said to live in a household that uses illicit drugs. The impact of these is that children grow up with physical and mental drawbacks. A child of an alcoholic parent is at a higher risk of developing alcohol use than any other child and also suffers other mental health problems. Boys are likely to develop externalizing behavior disorders and the girls internalizing behavior disorders both of which predispose them to substance abuse. Children with parents who are illicit drug abusers have a tendency to demonstrate irresponsible, impulsive or immature behavior, have poor school attendance, low IQ score and have behavioral problems that may also involve anxiety and depression. Ion addition, they are also likely to manifest fearfulness, negative concepts of self, loneliness and concentration impairment. All this increase their risk of engaging in substance abuse. The problems of substance abuse also bring considerable shame and associated stigma to their lives which presents a problem of identification in them (Fisher Harrison, 2011). Summary Adolescents engage in use and abuse of substances for various and complex reasons. Most of these reasons can be explained by biological theories, for example, disease model and the social learning theories which focus on environmental factors. The Romano Family case study, as would many cases involving school going children, points mainly to the risk-protective factor theory to explain the childrens substance abuse. This theory is able to distinguish between high and low risk factors leading to the development of the problem of substance abuse amongst school going children and as such help in establishing effective treatment programs for the patients.